| Under natural conditions, M. populorum spreads by ascospore dispersal and wind-borne conidia. |
| Under natural conditions, Atropellis spp. spread by ascospore dispersal within pine stands. |
| Early in the season fewer ascospores are produced and there is little surface area of susceptible green tissue exposed thus limiting the risk of an ascospore infection. |
| Activity may continue for several weeks, ensuring coincidence between flowering and ascospore production. |
| Elimination of trees as soon as they become infected, before ascospore production, should minimize spread of the disease. |
| Under natural conditions, A. morbosa spreads readily by ascospore dispersal within orchards. |
